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The growing population is forcing us to look for new, more effective solutions to various problems. The rising demand for power, water supply and waste management, pedestrian safety, the efficient use of electric vehicles, traffic jams, commuting, the identification of all road users and prediction of their travel paths, and increasing air and noise levels are the most pressing issues in today’s cities. Advance planning is a feature of green development that reduces dependence on vehicles associated with an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. The development of eco-friendly cities includes the development and application of new efficient solutions and technologies, such as efficient transport management, emission control and pollution control, energy efficiency and the usage of renewable energy, resource efficiency, etc., which would ensure a better quality of life of the growing population. Related Books Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities Computer Science & Mat

This book is a compilation of thirty research articles related to the current trends and techniques in medical informatics and healthcare with the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to analyze both medical images and Electronic Health Records (EHR) in different domains to develop effective decision support systems as diagnostic aids and screening tools. Related Books AI in Medical Imaging and Image Processing Medicine & Pharmacology ... AI in Medical Imaging and Image Processing Medicine & Pharmacology ... Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Practice Engineering Algorithms and Applications of Machine Learning Techniques for Healthcare Computer Science & Mathematics Advances in AI for Health and Medical Applications Public Health & Healthcare ... The recommendations have been generated using an AI system. About: About MDPI Books Advisory Board Legal Information: MDPI Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions Terms of Use Accessibility

This Special Issue of Cells on “Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Development, Cancers and Aging” provides a collection of modern articles dealing with the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1) in cancer biology, aging and development. Featured articles explore basic and clinical aspects of the IGF1 system, including post-genomic analyses as well as novel approaches to target the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) in oncology.   The present Special Issue highlights some of the most important topics in the broad area of IGF research, including the role of IGF1 in aging and longevity, attempts to target the IGF1 axis in oncology, the role of IGF-binding proteins, structural aspects of IGF-II, etc. We trust that this assembly of articles will be of great help to students, basic researchers and practitioners. Related Books Controversies and Recent Advances in Senescence and Aging Biology & Life Sciences Aging and Age-related Disorders: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapies Biology & Life Science

Microstructured surfaces overcome the performance limitations of conventional smooth surfaces, transforming passive interfaces into active functional units and thereby offering a revolutionary approach for precise control over fluid dynamics, phase change behavior, and energy transport. Translating their significant potentials into stable, reliable, and scalable engineering applications involves complex multi-scale and multi-physics coupling challenges. Research on microstructured surfaces has become a comprehensive interdisciplinary frontier integrating surface engineering, micro-/nano-fabrication, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and materials science. This calls for full-chain innovation that spans fundamental mechanisms, material systems, manufacturing processes, and system integration, achieving a deep synergy between structures and functions, materials and processes, and designs and applications. The 15 original research articles in this Reprint focus on this interdisciplinary field, bringing together a range of research achievements covering fundamental studies, numerical simulations, experimental characterizations, and application explorations. Based on their research direction and characteristics, the contributions can be grouped into the following three themes: fundamental studies on the mechanisms of single-phase flow, fundamental studies on the mechanisms of multiphase flow, and extended research on the applications for multiphase flow. This classification framework systematically presents a complete research spectrum, from fundamental flow principles to engineering solutions.

This Special Issue of Energies, “Optimization of Intelligent Transport Systems Planning Energy Efficiency and Environmental Responsibility,” will consist of manuscripts describing problems and challenges for transport systems. The modern approach to city planning generates new expectations for mobility. The geographic space is a type of limited resource. Currently, dynamic changes in land-use are being observed. During such processes, administrative units do not always prepare for land-use planning when considering sustainable development. Vehicle numbers are increasing, as are the number of trips being made. This results from changes in people’s lifestyles, the habits created, and the increased convenience associated with personal transport. This development of individual transport, which contributes to the deterioration of road conditions (congestion), is harming the environment due to air and noise pollution and energy consumption and is causing the deterioration of residents’ health (due to increased use of personal transport).

Advanced composites, e.g., continuous, or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites, nanocomposites, etc., are attracting increasing attention in industrial applications due to excellent performance, i.e., high mechanical properties in terms of stiffness- and strength-to-weight ratios, when compared to their counterparts. As such, the development of advanced composites can fulfil many special but important engineering missions, such as safety improvement, weight reduction, energy-absorption enhancement, and so forth.. Meanwhile, additive manufacturing or 3D printing has undergone massive development, opening new horizons for manufacturing small-scale and complex composite structural parts that cannot be appropriately made using conventional techniques. In recent years, big advances have been witnessed in the additive manufacture of advanced composites with novel design, fabrication, and analysis methods, indicating a huge potential and a promising future for 3D-printed advanced composites. With these significant aims, this Special Issue is dedicated to the field of novel and engineering solutions in the additive manufacturing of advanced composite materials and structures. Briefly, the Special Issue has a particular, but not limited, focus on 3D-printed composites with respect to advanced design, manufacturing, and characterization for high-performance composite products by 3D printing

Energy plays a decisive role in realizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as employment growth, industry, innovation, and infrastructure, sustainable cities and communities, clean energy, and climate change. This reprint, titled “Recent Advancements in Sustainable Solar Photovoltaic Power Technology”, presents significant works in the field of solar photovoltaic systems and critical issues in solar power generation technology, as well as the latest achievements and current problems in solar power generation technology and proposing corresponding solutions to key technical challenges in the utilization of solar power, pointing out future directions for achieving the SDGs through solar power generation technology.This reprint provides a variety of comprehensive reviews on solar power generation technologies like maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, power electronic converter topologies, and parameter estimation of PV cells. Along with reviews, this book also o

Water resource systems planning and management issues are often very complex. The pressures on water resources are increasing with the expanding scale of global development involving ecological and hydrological consequences in river basins and groundwater aquifers, and water-quality deterioration. All this leads to the increasing need for investigating the effects of different human influences and impacts on the hydrological regime and on water quality like as land-use changes, climatic variability and climate changes, and intensified water and land-use practices. The Special Issue “Advances in Flow Modeling for Water Resources and Hydrological Engineering” presents a collection of scientific contributions that provides a sample of the state-of-the-art and forefront research in this field. In particular, basin-wide water resources planning, watershed management, flood forecasting, droughts, climate change impacts on flood risk and water resources, reservoir operation and management,

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue entitled “Multi-Robot Systems: Challenges, Trends, and Applications” that was published in Applied Sciences. This Special Issue collected seventeen high-quality papers that discuss the main challenges of multi-robot systems, present the trends to address these issues, and report various relevant applications. Some of the topics addressed by these papers are robot swarms, mission planning, robot teaming, machine learning, immersive technologies, search and rescue, and social robotics. Related Books Trends and Challenges in Robotic Applications Engineering Advances in Industrial Robotics and Intelligent Systems Engineering Multi-Agent Systems Engineering Advances in Robotics and Autonomous Systems Engineering Modern Trends in Multi-Agent Systems Computer Science & Mathematics The recommendations have been generated using an AI system. About: About MDPI Books Advisory Board Legal Information: MDPI Privacy Policy Terms and Conditi

The use of data collectors in energy systems is growing more and more. For example, smart sensors are now widely used in energy production and energy consumption systems. This implies that huge amounts of data are generated and need to be analyzed in order to extract useful insights from them. Such big data give rise to a number of opportunities and challenges for informed decision making. In recent years, researchers have been working very actively in order to come up with effective and powerful techniques in order to deal with the huge amount of data available. Such approaches can be used in the context of energy production and consumption considering the amount of data produced by all samples and measurements, as well as including many additional features. With them, automated machine learning methods for extracting relevant patterns, high-performance computing, or data visualization are being successfully applied to energy demand forecasting. In light of the above, this Specia

Pandemics have claimed millions of lives over the centuries and millennia. The bubonic plague, smallpox, cholera, and, more recently, the Spanish flu, devastated the world, causing enormous impacts on the population. With the advancement of medical knowledge, especially in infectious diseases and microbiology, it may appear that the importance of pandemics and the damage caused by them will be much less concerning in the future. However, the 2009–10 swine flu and, even more so, the COVID-19 pandemics served as wake-up calls, pointing out that even with advances in medicine, some aspects of our modern lifestyles, such as urbanization, massive sports events, or concerts, with tens of thousands of people concentrating in small areas, large indoor malls, and travel habits, may actually increase the likelihood of future pandemics, lowering the effects of the advances we have made in epidemiology. Newly emerging or mutating variants of previously known microorganisms may continue to present potential for further pandemics. This Special Issue focuses on such viruses, including chikungunya, dengue, Zika, and others with pandemic potential. We encourage discussing public health, epidemiological, pharmaceutical, immunological, and other measures that might help to avoid or at least mitigate future pandemics, to prevent the loss of lives and decrease the economic burden.

The study of polymers has been central to numerous scientific and technological advancements over the past several decades. The primary aim of this reprint is to present, in a concise format, recent developments in polymer theory and its applications, as contributed by experts actively engaged in the study of polymer phenomena across condensed matter physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. The contributions emphasize theoretical and simulation-based approaches to polymers in complex environments, whether as individual chains or in multi-polymer systems such as melts. The applications span a wide range of materials, including block copolymers, polymer brushes, thermoplastic resins, carbon fiber-reinforced resins, gels, rubbers, cross-linked polyethylene, polyelectrolytes, and proteins.

Migraine is a prevalent and burdensome neurological disorder characterized by throbbing headaches, sensory disturbances, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. Due to its severe symptoms and limited treatment options, migraines place a significant burden on people, society, and the economy. The pathophysiology of migraine involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Recent advancements in migraine research have highlighted the significance of experimental models in unraveling the molecular and cellular pathways underlying migraine attacks. This Special Issue delves into cutting-edge research on migraine neuroscience, focusing on experimental models and therapeutic targets to enhance our understanding of migraine pathophysiology and improve patient outcomes. The ultimate goal is to develop targeted therapies that effectively manage migraine symptoms and alleviate the impact of this disorder on individuals' quality of life. Bridging the gap between basic science discoveries and clinical applications remains challenging, necessitating interdisciplinary collaborations and the integration of diverse fields such as neuroscience, genetics, and pharmacology. Leveraging advanced technologies is crucial in identifying novel therapeutic strategies and potential targets for migraine treatment.

Explore a decade of groundbreaking research in "10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Plant, Algae, and Fungi Cell Biology." This reprint offers a comprehensive journey into the realms of plant, algae, and fungi cell biology. Delve into the world of genomics, cellular defense mechanisms, mycorrhizal fungi, and the physiology of extremophile algae. A celebration of scientific excellence, this reprint is a valuable resource for researchers, educators, and enthusiasts passionate about these fascinating domains. Join us in commemorating a decade of discovery and advancement in cellular biology. Related Books 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives Biology & Life Sciences 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives Biology & Life Sciences 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives Biology & Life Sciences 10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Cell Cycle Biology & Life Sciences The recommendations have been generated using an AI system.

This Special Issue addresses both new scientific insights and technological advances of gluten-free product development exploring alternative ingredients for the development of gluten-free products aiming to mimic the unique viscoelastic properties of gluten as a gas retention ingredient during fermentation, water binding and enabler of starch gelatinization on baking, and a bread flavor enhancer via gluten-related proteases. Related Books Improving the Sensory, Nutritional and Technological Profile of Conventional and Gluten-Free Pasta and Bakery Products Biology & Life Sciences Effects of Plants’ Ingredients on Dough and Final Product Biology & Life Sciences Recent Advances in Cereals, Legumes and Oilseeds Grain Products Rheology and Quality Biology & Life Sciences ... Physicochemical and Sensory Evaluation of Grain-Based Food Biology & Life Sciences Trends in Grain Processing for Food Industry Biology & Life Sciences ... The recommendations have been generated using an AI system

COVID-19 is a pandemic that has forced many states to declare restrictive measures in order to prevent its wider spread. These measures are necessary to protect the health of adults, children, and people with disabilities.Long quarantine periods could cause an increase in anxiety crises, fear of contagion, and post-traumatic stress disorder (frustration, boredom, isolation, fear, insomnia, and difficulty concentrating).Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that can develop in subjects who have witnessed a traumatic, catastrophic, or violent event, or who have become aware of a traumatic experience that happened to a loved one.In fact, from current cases, it emerges that the prevalence of PTSD varies from 1\% to 9\% in the general population and can reach 50\%–60\% in subgroups of subjects exposed to traumas considered particularly serious. PTSD develops as a consequence of one or more physical or psychological traumatic events, such as exposure to natural disasters such as

Legionella spp. are ubiquitous microorganisms that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Water systems of large buildings, such as hospitals, hotels, and rental units are often contaminated by legionellae and various parameters such as physical, chemical, and microbial building water system characteristics can influence Legionella occurrence. A range of physical and chemical disinfection methods have been proposed to control Legionella contamination; however, to date, the most effective procedures have not been defined. There is a need to survey legionellae in water systems to prevent legionellosis. Although the assessment of L. pneumophila in water is typically performed by culture isolation on selective media, it has several limits. For this reason, alternative tools for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Legionella in water samples have been proposed. In order to increase knowledge on different aspects of Legionella contamination in the water environment, this b

The aim of this Eng Special Issue is to compile experimental and theoretical research relating to engineering science and technology. The topics included in Eng are as follows: electrical, electronic, and information engineering; chemical and materials engineering; energy engineering; mechanical and automotive engineering; industrial and manufacturing engineering; civil and structural engineering; aerospace engineering; biomedical engineering; geotechnical engineering and engineering geology; and ocean and environmental engineering. Many of these topics have been selected with the goal of contributing to the circular economy and sustainable development and are thus being addressed from various perspectives, with the support of the engineering field and its applications.

When we speak of Bayesianism, we are referring to a philosophical and statistical framework that involves the representation of degrees of belief or justification using probabilities. It is characterized by the idea that belief comes in degrees that can be formalized using the axioms of probability theory. Bayesianism involves the assessment of the rationality of degrees of belief based on a set of rules and specifies how these beliefs can be updated using Bayes' theorem based on new information or evidence. Many statistics textbooks treat frequentist statistics as the main subject and relegate Bayesian statistics to a single chapter, often near the end of the book.  The idea of this Special Issue of Entropy has been to treat Bayesian statistics as the main topic and to provide a snapshot of how Bayesian inference is understood and how it contributes to scientific endeavor today, late in the first quarter of the 21st Century.

The aim of the following reprint is to immerse the reader in the latest approach of Chemical Sensors for Volatile Organic Compound Detection. As VOCs are ubiquitous in multiple specific settings, such as confined spaces and chemical production processes, it is essential to achieve superior detection of VOCs, particularly in terms of lower detection limits of sub-ppm and shorter response time. The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is in high demand in various fields, such as environmental pollution monitoring, early disease screening, and food freshness assessment. A variety of methods, including spectroscopic analysis, mass spectrometry, chromatographic analysis, electrochemical gas sensors, infrared gas sensors, and semiconductor gas sensors, have been extensively used for VOC detection. In particular, semiconductor sensors have been extensively investigated to detect VOCs due to their high sensitivity, fast response time, and cost-effectiveness. Under the unremitting efforts of researchers, research on semiconductor gas sensors has made a major breakthrough. Articles included in this reprint focus on gas sensors with selective enhancement, lower power consumption, and fast response. The characterization and evaluation of sensing performance, and the completion of gas-sensitive mechanistic discussions of experimental phenomena are also included. This reprint serves as a detailed entry point for readers interested in exploring VOC detection.

Global immunization rates were stagnating prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and declined further in 2020 and 2021, with substantial variation. Across countries, the level of protection afforded by immunization varies, with many countries reporting gaps in coverage of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and seasonal influenza, and many population subgroups, especially children, being left behind. In this Special Issue, we explore the latest evidence on various types of immunization across the life course at global, regional, national, and subnational levels. Exploring various dimensions of inequality—such as economic status, subnational geographic regions, sex, maternal education—and other categories, this issue includes contributions characterizing the situation of inequality, the drivers of inequality, and finally, actions and initiatives that hold promise for enhancing equity of immunization across countries. Related Books Inequality in Immunization 2024 Public Health & Healthcare 50 Years

A major challenge for the future is combining both the profitability and sustainability of agriculture. The European H2020 project SoilCare aims to identify, test, and evaluate soil-improving cropping systems (SICS) which contribute to the implementation of agricultural solutions across Europe (See: https://soilcare-project.eu/en/ for the project website). The project includes 16 study sites distributed across Europe. Each study site implemented short-term experiments during the duration of the project, and most also ran long-term experiments comparing soil quality as a function of different treatments, such as soil amendments, tillage, cover crops, nutrients, and organic matter inputs. In addition, eight work-packages assess different aspects encompassing reviewing the soil-improving cropping systems, the participatory analysis of implementation and selection, methodology and analysis, upscaling at the European level, policy analysis and support, and dissemination and communication.

Implementing environmentally friendly and cost-effective solutions is a pressing need to fulfill the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set to be achieved by 2030. Thus, the requirement to execute the design, construction and maintenance of civil engineering structures and infrastructures as sustainably as possible are big challenges currently faced by civil and geotechnical engineers. This book, compiling the papers published during the 2020–2021 biennium in the Topical Collection, “Sustainability in Geotechnics: The Use of Environmentally Friendly Materials”, is intended help tackle those challenges. Several topics are covered by the 23 papers published herein, including: sustainable ground improvement techniques; replacement of raw materials such as soils and aggregates by recycled materials; soil reinforcement with alternative materials; sustainable solutions using geosynthetics; low-carbon solutions for stabilization of contaminated soils; and bioengineering te

In recent years, the requirements for technical components have steadily been increasing. This development is intensified by the desire for products with a lower weight, smaller size, and extended functionality, but also with a higher resistance against specific stresses. Mono-material components, which are produced by established processes, feature limited properties according to their respective material characteristics. Thus, a significant increase in production quality and efficiency can only be reached by combining different materials in a hybrid metal component. In this way, components with tailored properties can be manufactured that meet the locally varying requirements. Through the local use of different materials within a component, for example, the weight or the use of expensive alloying elements can be reduced. The aim of this Special Issue is to cover the recent progress and new developments regarding all aspects of hybrid bulk metal components. This includes fundamental