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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected life throughout the world, and dentistry is no exception. Dentistry has already been shown to be a hazardous occupation due to the numerous infectious and health risks associated with it. Over the past year and a half, this risk has only grown because of the highly transmissible nature of the Coronavirus. Dentistry, being a profession where the operator and the assistants are in close contact with the patients, has seen numerous changes. Not only this, but even dental education has been impacted as most of the teaching over the pandemic period has been conducted online. Furthermore, dental education has been highly impacted as a major part of it involves hands-on training. Due to this, there are several social, financial, and health-related repercussions that must be analyzed and understood. This Special Issue invited manuscripts, both research and review, that analyze the SARS-CoV-2 situation with regard to dentistry and dental education. Relate

The delicate balance of resource intensity and efficiency of a solution for a very complex problem raises the issue of how these aspects constitute a symmetrical or asymmetrical system. Computational Intelligence (CI) offers a plethora of efficient tools for the potential and rather good quality solution of highly complex, often mathematically intractable problems. This "toolbox" is one of the best examples for the study of the above mentioned issue, namely, how to find the best balance, how to establish a symmetry of weights or costs in a particular field, for a particular problem. This special issue presents a number of interesting novel applications of CI for the tackling of a wide variety of difficult problems. The Introduction gives a short insight into the symmetry and asymmetry aspect of the topic. Related Books Applications of Computational Intelligence, Volume 2 Biology & Life Sciences Applications of Computational Intelligence Engineering Applications of Computational Inte

This book focuses on a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives concerning the theory and application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, medically oriented human biology, and healthcare. The list of topics includes the application of AI in biomedicine and clinical medicine, machine learning-based decision support, robotic surgery, data analytics and mining, laboratory information systems, and usage of AI in medical education. Special attention is given to the practical aspect of a study. Hence, the inclusion of a clinical assessment of the usefulness and potential impact of the submitted work is strongly highlighted. Related Books Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in Human Health and Healthcare Biology & Life Sciences Advances in AI for Health and Medical Applications Public Health & Healthcare ... Biomedical Application of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Computer Science & Mathematics AI in Medical Imaging and Image Processing Medicine & Pharmac

This book provides new and in-depth insights into molecular aspects of plant cell signaling in response to biotic, such as aphid- and grey mold disease-resistance, and abiotic stresses, such as soil salinity and drought stress, and additionally, functional analysis on signaling components involved in flowering, juvenility, GA signaling, and biosynthesis, and miRNA-regulated gene expression. Furthermore, plant acclimation was reported, with emphasis on mechanistic insights into the roles of brassinosteroids, cyclic AMP, and hydrogen sulfide, and the recent advances of transmembrane receptor-like kinases were refined. Clearly, plant cell signaling is an intensive topic and whether it is now or in the future, the emerging technology in functional analysis such as genome editing technologies, high-throughput technologies, integrative multiple-omics as well as bioinformatics can assist researchers to reveal novel aspects of the regulatory mechanisms of plant growth and development, and ac

Plastic anisotropy is a common property of many metallic materials. This property affects the analysis and design of structures and metal forming processes. The present edited collection of papers concerns analytic and numerical methods of structural and metal forming analysis and design using material models for anisotropic materials. Some qualitative features of rigid plastic solutions in anisotropic plasticity are investigated. Both rate-independent and rate-dependent constitutive equations are considered. The effect of plastic anisotropy on the distribution of residual stresses and strains is shown. Some papers deal with thermo-mechanical problems. Related Books Crystal Plasticity Chemistry & Materials Science Trends in Plasticity of Metals and Alloys Computer Science & Mathematics ... Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume) Engineering Metal Plasticity and Fatigue at High Temperature Engineering Applications of Crystal Plasticity in Forming Technologi

The Special Issue, titled “Advances in Boundary Value Problems for Fractional Differential Equations, 2nd Edition'', presents recent advances in the theory and applications of fractional differential equations, fractional inclusions, and systems of fractional differential equations involving Riemann–Liouville, Caputo, Hadamard, Hilfer–Hadamard and other generalized fractional derivatives under varied boundary conditions. Fractional partial differential equations and systems, as well as fractional q-difference equations and inclusions, are also addressed in this Special Issue. The contributions encompass various topics, including the existence, uniqueness, stability, and approximation of solutions.

The Special Issue “Morphological and Physiological Research on Fish” focuses on the application of morphological and physiological research conducted on fish, with the goal of providing information on the relevance of morphological studies and their relationships to functions. Fish are not only the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates, but they also have a wide range of applications in research and industry. Furthermore, aquaculture is one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly ways to generate high-quality protein. In addition, in recent years, fish have emerged as an intriguing model system in biomedical research, owing to their strong resemblance to mammals in terms of several fundamental systems. Morphological studies give us context for understanding the spatial organization and link between physiological and biochemical data, as well as the molecular machinery that is rapidly being explained using molecular approaches focused on the genome, transcriptome, and proteome. As a result, new morphological and physiological studies of fish would improve our comprehension of these species, with extraordinary and exciting implications for both basic and applied studies. Many authors contributed to the Special Issue with ten original pieces and four reviews. The themes covered ranged from descriptive morphology to morphometry, stress markers to toxic compounds, wild to aquaculture or model species, and involved various organs and apparatus. Morphometrical and morphological research were the most numerous contributions in this Special Issue.

The sustainable production of marine ingredients is a critical focus for manufacturers, governments, authorities, and environmentally conscious consumers. This Special Issue showcases cutting-edge advancements in biotechnologies for the sustainable development of ecologically important marine resources. Of the 15 papers received, 12 highlight the production and application of n-3 long-chain (LC, ≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) in aquaculture feeds and nutraceuticals. Key topics include the following:Single-cell production of n-3 LC-PUFAs;Recent breakthroughs in n-3 LC-PUFA oilseed production and regulatory insights;Lipidomic analysis and sustainability of the New Zealand green shell mussel (GSM);Insights into the utilization of myctophid fish for n-3 LC-PUFAs;Omega-3-related studies in northern Australian beef cattle and squid viscera oil production;Additional contributions explore sustainable practices in krill aquaculture and fishery management, marine-safe biosurfactants, and innovative techniques like compound-specific stable isotope analysis for determining the provenance of marine-derived products, such as squalene.This Special Issue collectively underscores significant advancements in omega-3 research and broader marine biotechnologies, providing valuable insights for sustainable innovation.

Food is subjected to various treatments and processes before human consumption, which have an effect on the food’s shelf life, nutritional value, and sensory qualities. This Special Issue reprint  contains studies regarding cold storage, refrigeration, freezing, fermentation, cold plasma, cooking, shaping, reforming, and packaging. These methods were applied during the processing of vegetables, fruit, dairy, oils, meats, seeds, marine foods, beverages,  and other food items. This Special Issue reprint is designed for food scientists, technologists, food industry workers, dietitians, and nutritionists, as well as research scientists. Related Books Physicochemical, Sensory and Nutritional Properties of Foods Affected by Processing and Storage Series II Biology & Life Sciences Physicochemical, Sensory and Nutritional Properties of Foods Affected by Processing and Storage Biology & Life Sciences Effect of Processing on Sensory Quality and Bioactive Components in Food Products Biology &

Two-dimensional bearing-only filtering (BOF) arises in many real-world tracking problems, including underwater tracking using a passive sonar, aircraft surveillance using a passive radar, navigation of a robot using a passive sonar, and undersea exploration of natural resources using sonar. BOF using a single sensor is also a challenging nonlinear filtering problem due to poor observability and the nonlinear measurement model. This filtering problem and associated tracking problem have been studied extensively. Three-dimensional angle-only filtering (AOF) is a two-dimensional counterpart of BOF . Real-world AOF problems include passive ranging using an infrared search and track (IRST) sensor, passive sonar, passive radar in the presence of jamming, ballistic missile and satellite tacking using a telescope, satellite to satellite passive tracking, and missile guidance using bearing-only seekers. The number of publications in the AOF and angle-only tracking in 3D is rather limited com

There is an increased need to design circular economy models to make our food system more sustainable. This book brings together a review, a short communication, and several research articles showcasing a range of circular economy initiatives: some that valorise and characterise by-products using different technologies, others that apply by-products to new upcycled food products, and finishing with one article investigating consumer attitudes towards a food that comes from a circular economy initiative. This book highlights the diversity of expertise needed to valorise by-products from farm to fork and presents different by-products, technologies, and potential applications. Related Books The Potential of Food By-Products: Bioprocessing, Bioactive Compounds Extraction and Functional Ingredients Utilization Biology & Life Sciences Advances in Food, Bioproducts and Natural Byproducts for a Sustainable Future: From Conventional to Innovative Processes Biology & Life Sciences ... Valori

The climate changes that are visible today are a challenge for the global research community. In this context, renewable energy sources, fuel cell systems, and other energy generating sources must be optimally combined and connected to the grid system using advanced energy transaction methods. As this book presents the latest solutions in the implementation of fuel cell and renewable energy in mobile and stationary applications such as hybrid and microgrid power systems based on energy internet, blockchain technology, and smart contracts, we hope that they are of interest to readers working in the related fields mentioned above. Related Books Efficiency and Sustainability of the Distributed Renewable Hybrid Power Systems Based on the Energy Internet, Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts-Volume II Engineering Advanced Modeling, Control, and Optimization Methods in Power Hybrid Systems - 2021 Engineering Advanced Modeling and Research in Hybrid Microgrid Control and Optimization

Active (also called “smart”) coatings and thin films are defined as those that are capable of sensing their environment and appropriately responding to that external stimulus. This Special Issue “Active Organic and Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Coatings and Thin Films: Challenges, Developments, Perspectives” collected a series of papers that outline the current frontiers in the development of smart coatings and thin films for corrosion and other types of materials applications. The first four papers focus on novel discoveries on coatings with corrosion protection properties. These include environmentally-friendly polyurethane loaded with cerium nitrate corrosion inhibitor for mild steel protection, hot-pressed organic polymer coatings for the protection of pre-treated aluminum alloy surfaces exposed to NaCl aqueous solutions, functional epoxy coating with modified functional TiO2 for steel substrates protection, and hybrid composites against the thermo-oxidative corrosion of the metal part

This Special Issue focuses on progress in intelligent technology in geotechnical engineering and geological and earthquake hazards. This Special Issue brings together 13 contributions. The topics covered ground motion and earthquake hazards, geotechnical engineering and landslides, geochemical surveys, experiments and simulations in rock mechanics and rock physics and the implications on earthquake mechanisms and geoengineering. The contributions to this Special Issue can be organized into five main thematic clusters. The first cluster concerns earthquake hazards. This includes seismic hazard prediction and pre-event estimation, as well as peak ground acceleration estimates for vertical and horizontal ground motion with 4 papers. The second cluster focuses on geotechnical engineering. Three papers apply deep machine learning to landslide displacement prediction, TBM penetration rate prediction during tunnel excavation, and the simulation of post-grouted piles in railway bridges. The third cluster addresses geochemical surveys. This concern is particularly evident in the two contributions on chemical pollution of soils, and the element migration of mineralization-alteration zones. The fourth cluster relates to rock mechanics and earthquake mechanisms. Two papers covered frictional experiments and field deformation on granitic faults, and the implications for seismic processes. The fifth cluster shows rock physics experiments in geoengineering. Two papers reported on thermal damage in granite based on machine learning and experimental data and radiation exposure experiments of building materials.

With the requirement on all forms of transport to become faster, quieter and generally more efficient the contribution that best practice tribology can make is becoming increasingly evident. Although great achievements have been made on the energy efficiency and performance of batteries and electric powertrains there is still much work to do on the design of novel brakes, bearings, transmissions, lubricants and lubrication systems in hybrid or pure electric road vehicles. In addition, the friction and wear problems associated with both road and rail vehicles—for example between the tyre and the pavement or wheel and rail—continue to demand attention from tribologists and vehicle manufactures. Vehicle pollution is closely related to tribology, not only engine emissions but vehicle noise at both low and high frequencies, and braking and tyre particle generation: all of these problems will require innovative solutions involving elements of tribology. While pure electric vehicles no doubt will become mainstream in the future, it is still the case that by 2040 autos equipped with internal combustion engines may well account for a significant proportion of the global annual sales of passenger vehicles so that further work on the efficiencies of IC engines is still relevant.

In order to obtain high-quality food products, we need to control them from their origin. This ranges from the crops themselves to the reception of raw materials at the factory. The effect of industrial processing on the final quality of food is an essential factor that can guarantee its acceptance for sale, thus avoiding the losses that a rejected or withdrawn product could cause a company. In addition, preserving the integrity of bioactive ingredients during food processing is a challenge in the agri-food industry. Finally, sensory analysis in the food industry is recognized as one of the most important ways to ensure consumer acceptance of the food. This Special Issue focuses on the effect of thermal and non-thermal treatment on the shelf-life, key bioactive compound changes (flavonoids and non-flavonoids), enzymatic antioxidant systems, and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems of fruit-, vegetable-, and meat-based products.

Legume crops are grown worldwide and provide a major source of protein, oil, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and dietary minerals. Legume crops also play an important role in international trade. Genetic improvement has been a key to the growth of crop production, and it continuously contributes to sustainable agriculture and food security. Presently, plant genetic improvement is in the middle of evolution from field-based traditional breeding to a new era of application of multiple novel techniques such as marker-assisted selection, genomic prediction, and gene editing, which are integrated with conventional methods in practical breeding. This Reprint contains fifteen research articles and a review paper that address a wide range of research topics in legume crops. The research involved all the traits of importance, including yield, quality, resistance to pests and diseases, and abiotic stresses. This Reprint can be used as a source of information for future work. Related Books Advan

Traditional wood composites are produced with synthetic, formaldehyde-based adhesives, commonly made from fossil-derived constituents, such as urea, phenol, melamine, etc. Along with their undisputable advantages, these adhesives are characterized by certain problems, connected with the emission of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including free formaldehyde emission from the finished wood composites, which is carcinogenic to humans and harmful to the environment. The growing environmental concerns, connected with the adoption of circular economy principles, and the new, stricter legislative requirements for the emission of harmful VOCs, e.g., free formaldehyde, from wood composites, have posed new challenges to researchers and industrial practice, related to the development of sustainable, eco-friendly wood composites, optimization of the available lignocellulosic raw materials, and use of alternative resources. This reprint presents a collection of 10 high-quality origi

Galectins are a family of soluble beta-galactoside-binding proteins with diverse glycan-dependent and glycan-independent functions outside and inside the cell. There are sixteen recognized mammalian galectin genes, and their expression profiles are very different between cell types, tissues, and species. This Special Issue covers recent progress in the field of the cell biology of galectins, relevant concepts of galectin regulatory mechanisms, and biomedical aspects of these unique multifunctional proteins. Related Books Galectins in Cancer and Translational Medicine Biology & Life Sciences Marine Glycobiology, Glycomics and Lectins Medicine & Pharmacology Marine Glycomics Biology & Life Sciences ... Exploring the Multifaceted Roles of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - New Advances and Further Challenges Biology & Life Sciences Marine Glycoconjugates Biology & Life Sciences ... The recommendations have been generated using an AI system. About: About MDPI Books Advisory Board Legal Inf

The progress of society has led to an improvement of the quality of life of a significant number of people. On the other hand, anthropogenic pollution dramatically increased, with serious consequences for the environment and human health. Controlling and remedying environmental pollution is one of the main challenges of our century. Fundamental and applicative research are called to collaborate, involving scientists in the development of realistic and effective systems for the prevention and the removal of pollutants from the environment. Spreading knowledge is among the missions of researchers and this is the aim of this book, offering an updated view on innovative materials and methods for pollutant treatment. It is composed of 18 articles, among them 5 reviews and 13 original articles, dedicated to new adsorbent materials (inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials) for the capture of pollutant species and for their catalytic conversion into non-toxic substances, and to bioremediati

Significant progress has been made in nanophotonics and the use of nanostructured materials for optoelectronic devices, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes, which have recently attracted considerable attention due to their unique geometry. Nanostructures in small dimensions, comprising nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoparticles, etc,. can be perfectly integrated into a variety of technological platforms, offering novel physical and chemical properties for high-performance, light-emitting devices. This Special Issue aims to present the most recent advances in the field of nanophotonics, which focuses on LEDs and laser diodes. We invite contributions of original research articles, as well as review articles that are aligned to the following topics that include, but are not limited to, thetheoretical calculation, synthesis, characterization, and application of such novel nanostructures for light-emitting devices. The application of nanostructured light-emitters in genera

This Special Issue presents recent advancements related to the sustainability, durability, and structural performance of construction materials. It strongly emphasizes green and ecotype concrete, detailing methods for drastically reducing environmental impact through the valorization of waste materials. Studies explore the use of steel slag, marble powder, glass powder, and residues from scrap tires and oil refineries as replacements in cementitious composites. This issue features deep investigations into the properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), analyzing its ultimate bearing capacity in walls under complex thermal and eccentric loading. A major focus is dedicated to structural retrofitting and assessment, presenting innovative techniques for strengthening reinforced concrete elements (columns, beams) using FRP composites and C-FRP ropes. Additional contributions cover the enhancement of seismic behavior through supplementary dampers and isolation devices, the critical analysis of RC interfaces/joints under cyclic actions, and methods for assessing prestress in post-tensioned structures (e.g., Flat-Jack Test). Finally, the collection broadens its scope to include a time–cost analysis of wood-based construction systems, a safety evaluation for prefabricated construction, and case studies on the degradation of historical wooden elements.

Since its invention, concrete has become the most widely used construction material. Growing concerns over the greenhouse emissions profile of the Portland cement and concrete industry have led to a very high level of recent interest in the development of low-carbon construction materials. The requirements of raw materials for cement and concrete, such as natural minerals, stones, and river sand, have been increasing, especially in developing countries where massive amounts of infrastructure are being built. This trend promotes the requirements of sustainable cementitious materials with low carbon emissions for civil and transportation engineering. The development of low-carbon construction materials has been recognized as a means of reducing the carbon footprint of the Portland cement and concrete industry in response to growing global concerns over natural-material shortages and CO2 emissions from the construction sector. The concrete and cement industry has been under pressure to shift towards sustainability by developing alternative low-carbon cement and concrete materials. However, many fundamental mechanisms in this field require further elucidation. In addition, industrial applications are still scarce due to the gap existing between the fundamental research and industrial use in this area.

The aim of this Special Issue is to explore the multifaceted aspects of data-driven intelligent modeling and optimization algorithms for industrial processes. The main goals are to harness the power of data to improve control, decision making, and parameter optimization and to drive industrial systems to unprecedented levels of efficiency, reliability, and adaptability. Research areas within this scope include data-driven modeling, intelligent data representation, integrated/hybrid modeling, machine learning and optimization, advanced machine learning algorithms, hybrid models with optimization algorithms, adaptive learning algorithms, intelligent process monitoring, real-time data monitoring and analysis, soft sensing technologies, operation mode perception and recognition, decision support systems, intelligent decision support systems, the integration of optimization algorithms, and human–machine collaboration for improved decision making. These powerful intelligent algorithms use data for control, decision making, and parameter optimization, driving industrial systems to unprecedented levels of efficiency, reliability, and adaptability. By sharing their practice and insights in the development and application of these new technologies, the authors of the articles in this Reprint have demonstrated the value of data-driven intelligent modeling and optimization algorithms for industrial processes, providing readers with valuable ideological inspiration in the field.